对话联合国亚太经社委员会东亚办事处主任：东亚可持续发展需聚焦气候韧性、人口转型与数字包容

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文 | 新浪财经 李欣然

东亚与东北亚地区正站在可持续发展的关键十字路口。这一区域既是全球最具活力的经济增长极，也面临着气候变化、人口结构转型、技术革命等多重系统性挑战的叠加考验。从政策协调困境到能源转型压力，从企业合规需求到社会老龄化趋势，各国在追求高质量发展的进程中，既展现出独特的实践智慧，也暴露出深层次的治理难题。

在此背景下，新浪财经对话联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（UN ESCAP，中文简称“亚太经社会”,）东亚及东北亚办事处主任冈包勒德·巴森扎布 (Ganbold Baasanjav) ，探讨东亚在可持续发展中的关键挑战与应对路径，以及如何构建更具韧性、包容性和协同性的区域治理体系。

联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会东亚及东北亚办事处主任 Ganbold Baasanjav

强化区域机制，破解治理碎片化困局

巴森扎布指出，各国普遍面临的关键挑战之一是跨部门和跨层级的政策碎片化问题，这通常源于职责分工不同与沟通不足。他提到，各国正日益采取“整体政府”治理模式。此类机制与亚太经社会等区域委员会的职能相契合——作为亚太地区最具包容性的政府间平台，亚太经社会在可持续发展关键政策领域开展工作。因此，巴森扎布表示，可通过多个切入点与成员国及多元利益相关方协作应对共性问题，包括治理挑战。

在巴森扎布看来，一项核心治理挑战在于确保数据可靠性以支撑循证决策。建立数字监测体系、填补数据缺口至关重要，这不仅需要数据可获取，更要求指标充分细分。他进一步说明，生产此类数据需要中央与地方当局投入大量精力，并高度依赖公众信任（尤其要防止数据滥用），这也凸显了健全数据隐私法律及严格执法的必要性。相关工作不仅涉及国家统计机构，还延伸至负责社会、环境和数据管理职能的各行业部委与机构，导致协调难度加大。民间团体和私营部门等其他利益相关方可提供宝贵的质性信息，但这些信息也需经过专业解读才能转化为有效行动。巴森扎布介绍，亚太经社会通过可持续发展目标统计、官方数据系统现代化、大数据、数据科学及数据整合等项目，支持各国政府运用及时优质的数据加强循证治理。

巴森扎布还强调，当挑战涉及跨境性质时，治理方面需特别考量，这些领域往往缺乏国家间及相关利益相关方的联合行动机制。对此，《2030年可持续发展议程》作为一项普遍性议程，正是推动建设性对话的有机聚合点。在此背景下，亚太经社会作为中立召集者，积极推动跨境议题合作。他指出， “东北亚环境合作计划”已成为中国等六国应对空气污染、低碳城市、生物多样性与自然保护、海洋保护区及荒漠化与土地退化等区域环境问题的综合性政府间合作框架。区域框架与协定对于强化各国在机构协调和政策连贯性等治理挑战方面的承诺至关重要。巴森扎布补充说，亚太经社会已与亚太地区实施贸易、运输、能源和数字化互联互通区域协定的国家建立了坚实伙伴关系。

巴森扎布同时谈到，在东亚和东北亚地区，可持续发展的关键治理挑战还体现在持续存在的融资约束——尤其是难以调动充足、目标一致且可预测的长期可持续发展目标实施资源。尽管财政能力相对较强，但公共预算受人口结构变化、气候适应需求和危机后复苏压力所限，制约了对转型政策的持续投资。跨部门、跨层级的碎片化融资，以及调动私人资本工具的不足，进一步加剧了这一问题。在他看来，弥补这些缺口需要建立更完善的综合融资框架，加强财政、规划与行业部门间的协调，并扩大混合融资运用以吸引私人投资。在区域层面，亚太经社会平台可通过推广统一标准、便利发展融资与绿色资金获取、支持可持续发展目标创新融资方案的同行交流等方式发挥积极作用。

从合规到增长：ESG是企业赢得未来发展的战略基石

巴森扎布指出，必须认识到，健全的ESG框架能为企业带来显著效益。在产品与服务设计阶段就尽早考量合规要求，有助于企业预判不断发展的监管期望，并降低未来的转型风险。在东亚乃至全球范围内，政府与跨国公司已大幅扩展了ESG信息披露要求，涵盖劳动保护、碳排放及与可持续发展相关的税收等领域。巴森扎布认为，那些主动规划并履行这些义务的企业，能通过减少由合规问题引发的销售与运营中断，更好地保持在国内外市场的准入资格。

巴森扎布进一步强调，除了降低风险，ESG合规还能提升企业在供应链中的声誉价值与竞争力。采用公认标准与认证的企业，更有可能成为那些寻求稳定、有韧性与透明供应链网络的大型公司的优选和可信赖的供应商。因此，严格遵守信息披露与可持续发展框架，有助于企业获得更稳定的收入来源和实现长期增长。巴森扎布表示，政策工具与市场机制——例如绿色公共采购、贸易与认证生态系统、国际ISO标准等——可能促进也可能制约企业的发展，这取决于企业与这些机制的契合程度。此外，在不少国家，金融机构越来越多地向符合公认ESG标准的企业提供更优惠的融资条件，包括更低利率或更便捷的资本获取渠道。

巴森扎布介绍说，亚太经社会通过其下设的“亚太经社会可持续商业网络（ESBN）”及其专题工作组，将商业界作为实现可持续发展的重要合作伙伴，并通过“亚太商业论坛”促进公私部门对话。ESBN的成员来自亚太地区各行各业的领先企业高管与代表。该网络成功推动了“亚太企业绿色协议”倡议，这彰显了一种共同信念，即企业必须在区域的绿色转型中发挥引领作用。

中国可持续发展：成就显著但转型之路任重道远

巴森扎布指出，中国在实现可持续发展目标方面已取得显著进展。例如，中国承诺到2030年实现碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和，这为提升气候行动雄心提供了变革性路径。

他强调，中国还历史性地消除了极端贫困，并持续致力于改善国内社会生活质量，同时考虑到家庭结构的变化，例如对性别议题响应度的提升以及人口老龄化趋势。

巴森扎布表示，中国一直是亚太经社会在推进《2030年可持续发展议程》所需进展方面的重要合作伙伴。中国的国家政策具有坚实支撑，致力于实现更绿色、更包容的经济发展。他认为，中国可依托自身经验及在区域的战略角色，通过与其他国家合作创造协作机会，从而进一步扩大可持续发展集体行动。他进一步指出，中国积极参与区域和次区域政府间平台——例如亚太可持续发展论坛、东北亚地区可持续发展目标多方论坛等——通过分享最佳实践和经验教训，旨在为亚太国家（特别是最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家）实现17项可持续发展目标的努力提供信息、赋能和支持。

在巴森扎布看来，中国在进一步加速能源转型方面仍存在较大空间。这包括通过扩大可再生能源和清洁技术制造业逐步减少对煤炭的依赖，加强储能解决方案，并引导资本高效流向经济可行的投资区域。同时，这一转型需要解决关键基础设施需求，包括发展新的输电线路和加强跨境电力互联以支持清洁能源整合。他强调，实现这些目标需要大量投资，并需进一步协调监管和制度框架。

巴森扎布认为，进一步推广基于自然的解决方案和发展循环经济，可能还需要从根本上转变我们对产品和服务生产、分销、消费及回收处理的思维方式。例如，从塑料制品转向玻璃生态系统，确保城乡环境清洁，这不仅需要政府和私营部门参与，也需要个人共同努力营造宜居的清洁绿色环境。他介绍说，为此，东亚和东北亚次区域办事处每年组织国际低碳城市论坛，展示区域内城市通过小型试点和大型实施项目减少碳足迹的努力。许多案例在美化城市环境的同时也展示了来自中国的实践项目。

东亚未来发展的三大课题：气候韧性、人口转型与数字治理

展望未来，巴森扎布表示东亚和东北亚正面临若干将影响我们日常生活的重大趋势。

首先是已引起广泛讨论的气候变化问题。巴森扎布指出，该区域可能面临更频繁的灾害影响。通过建设可持续、有韧性的基础设施，可以在一定程度上减缓其影响，同时降低风险冲击，但最终仍需进一步扩大规模，以最小化长期的干扰与损害。他强调，此类行动已显现积极成效，例如空气质量的改善，将在未来数十年持续惠及本区域居民健康，但相关进展仍需加速推进。

巴森扎布进一步分析，另外两大趋势虽属不同范畴，却紧密相连——当前全球多国正同时经历人口老龄化与劳动力萎缩。这反映了医疗与教育领域取得的成就，使人们得以享有更长寿命、更优质生活。然而，这也给现有劳动力带来巨大压力，需通过扩充养老及医疗体系来提升生产力，以支撑日益增长的非劳动人口。他指出，AI等数字技术的应用虽提升了生产效率，却也可能导致无法适应技术快速变化的人群被数字化进程边缘化，进而加剧数字鸿沟。同时，数据治理、存储与隐私问题已引发普遍的国家安全关切。

巴森扎布认为，在持续完善全民社会保护体系的同时，必须同等重视供给与需求侧的平衡，避免养老和医疗系统承受过重负担。推动全民健康生活、降低医疗干预需求、发展普惠医药、鼓励家庭成员灵活照护，不仅有助于增进家庭关系，也能有效控制系统成本。此外，可探索弹性工作安排、鼓励有参与意愿的老年人从事志愿服务，以保持其身心活跃状态。

他特别强调，AI与数字化转型尚处于初始阶段，其影响将深度重塑年轻一代的教育与培养方式。巴森扎布表示，中国拥有如DeepSeek等关键开源AI工具，可引领区域多边对话，推动建立符合伦理、包容普惠的AI治理框架，协同应对教育、标准、隐私及经济等亚太地区普遍关切的议题。

以下为英文原文：

Q: ESCAP has consistently emphasized regional coordinated action to achieve the SDGs. In East and Northeast Asia, what do you observe as the most common governance challenges faced by countries in their sustainable development policies? And what do you see as potential ways to address these challenges?

A: Some of the key common challenges have been policy fragmentation across agencies and levels of government, typically driven by differing mandates and insufficient communication. In response, countries have increasingly adopted whole?of?government approaches. These arrangements are aligned with the function of regional commissions such as ESCAP which covers the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region carrying out work in key policy areas on sustainable development. As such, we have several entry points to work with ESCAP member States and multi-stakeholders on addressing common issues, including governance challenges.

A key governance challenge is ensuring robust data for evidence-based policymaking. Building digital monitoring systems and closing data gaps are essential, requiring not only accessible data but also sufficiently disaggregated metrics. Producing such data demands significant effort from both local and national authorities and relies heavily on public trust, particularly to prevent misuse, which also highlights the need for strong data-privacy laws and enforcement. These efforts extend beyond national statistical offices to line ministries and agencies responsible for social, environmental and data-management functions, making coordination difficult. Additional stakeholders, such as civil society and the private sector, can provide valuable, often qualitative information that must also be properly interpreted to become actionable. ESCAP supports governments in using timely, high-quality data to strengthen evidence-based governance, including through SDG statistics, modernization of official data systems, big data, data science and data integration initiatives.

Other key considerations on governance arise when challenges are transboundary in nature, such as those involving environment and connectivity, where joint action mechanisms among countries and relevant stakeholders may be lacking. To this end, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is a universal agenda is the organic convergence point that can help facilitate constructive dialogue. In this context, ESCAP as a neutral convenor has facilitated initiatives on transboundary issues. In our subregion, the North?East Asia Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation serves as a comprehensive intergovernmental cooperation framework among six countries including China addressing environmental challenges in North-East Asia, covering air pollution, low carbon cities, biodiversity and nature conservation, marine protected areas and desertification and land degradation. Regional frameworks and agreements are key in reinforcing commitments of countries to address governance challenges such as institutional coordination and policy coherence. ESCAP has built strong partnerships with countries implementing regional agreements in Asia and the Pacific on connectivity covering trade, transport, energy and digitalization.

In East and Northeast Asia, a key governance challenge for sustainable development is persistent financing constraints, especially the difficulty of mobilizing sufficient, well-aligned and predictable resources for long-term SDG implementation. Despite relatively strong fiscal capacities, public budgets are pressured by demographic change, climate adaptation needs and post-crisis recovery, limiting sustained investment in transformative policies. Fragmented financing across sectors and government levels, along with limited tools to leverage private capital, further exacerbates the issue. Addressing these gaps requires stronger integrated financing frameworks, improved coordination among finance, planning and line ministries, and expanded use of blended finance to attract private investment. At the regional level, ESCAP platforms can help by promoting shared standards, facilitating access to development and green finance, and supporting peer learning on innovative SDG-aligned financing solutions.

Q: Although some enterprises have recognized the importance of sustainable development, many still view incorporating environmental and social factors as an additional operational cost and a burden. How do you think we can persuade the private sector to engage more in sustainable development? What benefits can sustainable development bring to businesses?

A: It is important to recognize that robust environmental and social governance (ESG) frameworks, particularly when aligned with sustainable development objectives, can deliver significant benefits for companies, including start?ups. Early consideration of compliance requirements in the design of products and services allows firms to anticipate evolving regulatory expectations and reduce future transition risks. Across East Asia and globally, governments and multinational corporations have significantly expanded ESG disclosure requirements, covering areas such as labour protections, carbon emissions, and sustainability?related taxation. Companies that proactively plan for these obligations are better positioned to maintain market access, both domestically and internationally, by minimizing compliance?related disruptions to sales and operations.

Beyond risk mitigation, ESG compliance can also enhance companies’ reputational value and competitiveness within supply chains. Firms that adopt recognized standards and certifications are more likely to become preferred or trusted suppliers for larger companies seeking stable, resilient, and transparent supply networks. Strong compliance with disclosure and sustainability frameworks can therefore support more stable revenue streams and long?term growth. Policy tools and market mechanisms—such as green public procurement, trade and certification ecosystems, and international ISO standards—can either enable or constrain corporate growth, depending on a firm's level of alignment. In addition, in several countries, financial institutions increasingly offer preferential financing conditions, including lower interest rates or improved access to capital, to companies that demonstrate compliance with recognized ESG standards.

ESCAP engages business as a partner in achieving sustainable development through the ESCAP Sustainable Business Network (ESBN) and its task forces and facilitates public and private sector dialogue through the Asia-Pacific Business Forum (APBF). ESBN consists of executives and representatives of leading businesses in a wide range of industries and sectors from across the Asia-Pacific region. The network was able to broker the "Asia-Pacific Green Deal for Business" initiative which demonstrate the conviction that businesses must take a leading role in the green transformation of the region.

Q: How do you assess China's progress in the field of sustainable development? What suggestions do you have for China to achieve greener and more inclusive economic development in the future?

A: Sustainable development is a policy priority for China and the country has been making significant strides in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For instance, China's commitment to carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 provides a transformative pathway to raise the climate action ambition.

There is also the historic eradication of extreme poverty in China, and its continued efforts at improving social quality of life within the country, taking into account the changing family dynamics, such as increasing responsiveness to gender issues and the ongoing demographic transition to an older population.

China has been a longstanding partner of ESCAP in advancing much needed progress in the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development. China has strong anchors in its national policies on achieving greener and more inclusive economic development. China could leverage from its experiences and strategic role in the region by engaging with other countries in creating opportunities for collaboration to further amplify sustainable development collective action. In this regard, China has actively engaged in regional and subregional intergovernmental platforms which aim to inform, empower, and support Asia-Pacific countries (especially least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States) in their efforts to achieve the 17 SDGs by sharing best practices and lessons learned. These include the Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development (APFSD) as well as the East and North-East Asia Multi-Stakeholder Forum on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

However, there remains considerable scope to further accelerate the energy transition. This includes supporting a gradual shift away from coal through the expansion of renewable energy and clean-technology manufacturing, strengthening energy storage solutions, and facilitating the efficient movement of capital to regions where such investments are economically viable. At the same time, this transition will require addressing critical infrastructure needs, including the development of new transmission lines and enhanced cross-border power interconnectivity to support clean energy integration. Achieving this will entail significant investment, alongside greater alignment of regulatory and institutional frameworks.

The further promotion of nature-based solutions as well as the circular economy may also require structural shifts in thinking in how we deal with the production, distribution, consumption and collection for disposal of products and services. This involves, for example, the shift away from plastics to for example a glass ecosystem, ensuring clean streets and rural spaces, which involves not only governments and private sector participation but also the efforts of individuals to participate in providing a clean and green environment that they would like to live in. To this end, our office at ENEA organizes an annual International Low Carbon Cities Forum that showcases efforts across the region by cities through small pilots and large scale implementation of efforts to implement solutions at reducing the carbon footprint of cities while in many cases also beautifying cities for residents, which also showcases projects from China.

This will require lifelong learning, education, and in some cases, the change of lifestyle habits. Such cultural changes are typically not fast and requires concerted efforts by all to achieve lasting progress, but I believe that pilot projects that we do see are encouraging as to the future of sustainable development in China.

Q: What megatrends do you believe will impact the social development of East and Northeast Asia in the future (e.g., aging populations, AI development, etc.)? What further efforts do you think are needed to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda?

A: There are several megatrends ongoing that will impact East and North-east Asia, several of which we are already experiencing in how we conduct our daily lives.

The first is of course something we are already talking about which is climate change and the potential for increased impacts of disasters that may take place in the region. This can be somewhat slowed down through the implementation of sustainable and resilient infrastructure; while also mitigating risks impacts but is something we ultimately need to scale further to minimize longer term disruptions and impacts. We already see some positives from action here, such as having cleaner air, which will also translate to better health outcomes for residents in the region over the decades ahead but should continue to accelerate progress.

The next two megatrends are somewhat closely linked together despite occupying very different categories, as you may know much of the world is experiencing both ageing and shrinking workforces, which shows the successes of healthcare and education in ensuring that people are able to live longer and more comfortable lives. However, this places significant stress on the existing workforce to become more productive in supporting the growing population through an expanded pensions and healthcare system. To that end, we have seen productivity gains through the increasing use of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, however, at the risk of digitally displacing people who are unable to keep up with the constant changes in technology. This risks further exacerbating the digital divide and as we have seen, there are also concerns around national security over data governance, storage and privacy.

While further progress in ensuring adequate social protection for all is necessary, it is also just as important to work on the supply and demand side of the equation, ensuring that overall costs to the pensions and healthcare systems are not overwhelmed. Efforts ensuring people live overall healthier lives that require less medical intervention, cheaper medications, and ability for family members to flexibly care for each other can contribute to better relationships, while also keeping costs for the system under control. Flexible working arrangements, volunteerism for people still interested in maintaining active lives can also be considered, while also ensuring they stay mentally and physically active.

Furthermore, the AI and digital transition is only at the beginning stages and is likely to also impact the way we educate and train the younger generations. To that end, China with key open source AI tools such as DeepSeek, can help to guide the multilateral conversation in the region on how we can achieve ethical and inclusive governance around AI tools, which also includes the education, standards, privacy and economic issues that are highly prevalent to all across the Asia-Pacific region.

新浪财经ESG评级中心简介

新浪财经ESG评级中心是业内首个中文ESG专业资讯和评级聚合平台，致力于宣传和推广可持续发展，责任投资，与ESG（环境、社会和公司治理）价值理念，传播ESG的企业实践行动和榜样力量，推动中国ESG事业的发展，促进中国ESG评估标准的建立和企业评级的提升。

依托ESG评级中心，新浪财经发布多只ESG创新指数，为关注企业ESG表现的投资者提供更多选择。同时，新浪财经成立中国ESG领导者组织论坛，携手中国ESG领导企业和合作伙伴，通过环境、社会和公司治理理念，推动建立适合中国时代特征的ESG评价标准体系，促进中国资产管理行业ESG投资发展。

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